Лестница в небо: как в России испытывают двигатели для самолетов

Aircraft engines undergo thorough testing before being mounted on an aircraft wing after leaving the assembly line. The work is carried out with micron-level precision, because in the case of aviation, people's lives are at stake.

All aircraft engines produced by the enterprises of the United Engine Corporation (part of Rostec) undergo a standard test cycle before being sent to the customer. They produce engines for space programs, almost all domestic civil and military aviation, as well as marine and land-based gas turbine units.

Let's start with a visual inspection

New power plants undergo lengthy and large-scale certification tests before being put into series production. Such checks are not required for aircraft engines that have already been certified, but they are also subjected to detailed analysis before being sent to customers.

The first stage is measurement and visual inspection. Inspectors at this stage inspect the engine for external defects: traces of corrosion, cracks, and scratches. Fasteners, all connectors , and other external parts of the engine are also inspected.

Strict control is important because deviations from the norm or defects can affect the engine's performance and safety. In particular, the engine's efficiency will decrease by 1-2% if the compressor or turbine blade is made with a deviation of only 10 micrometers from the specified size.

As a result, increased vibrations or excessive turbulence will be created. In addition, such vibrations will provoke premature wear of the bearings, which can lead to engine failure in flight.

Check, not destroy

An important next step is non-destructive testing, which includes magnetic particle and eddy current testing methods, radiography, and ultrasonic flaw detection. With their help, hidden defects in the material are detected — delaminations, voids, and cracks that cannot be detected with the naked eye.

Welcome to the test bench

After completing a set of control operations, the engine is sent to bench tests, where specialists adjust its operation and monitor the temperature in working condition.

Then the engine runs on the bench in various modes, simulating real operating conditions. The engine's operating parameters are checked, such as temperature and pressure at the inlet and outlet of the turbine and compressor, noise and vibration levels, and fuel consumption.

This data is then analyzed to ensure that the engine meets all requirements. One of the most stringent tests is the test for ultimate endurance and ultimate power.

The engine is started at maximum values to check its ability to withstand extreme loads and to identify any design or material flaws that may lead to unit failure in the future.

A step on the way to the sky

At the final stage, engine tests are carried out at the test station of the "ODK-Perm Motors" enterprise. Specialists check the main indicators: thrust, power, engine characteristics when operating in different modes, carry out temperature measurements and pressure measurements of various liquids.

Testing aircraft engines before installation on an aircraft is a costly and delicate process that requires rigor and extreme accuracy. However, thanks to such scrupulousness, it is possible to minimize risks and confirm that each engine produced is fully ready for flight operation.