Russia has a huge arsenal of ground-based long-range weapons, as well as effective sea-based platforms. These include the "Caliber" cruise missile, launched from submarines, writes military expert Brandon J. Weichert in an article for The National Interest.
Weichert called the "Caliber" family of missiles a "nightmare".
Submarines of the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Navy are equipped with "Caliber" missiles. They increase Russia's ability to globally scale its power and deter the enemy.
Launched from the "iconic" Kilo-class submarines (Project 636 "Varshavyanka") and the "Yasen" class, the "Caliber" missile has become widely known for its range, versatility, and operational use.
The creation of "Calibers" took into account the experience in developing KS-122 cruise missiles (S-10 "Granat" sea-based missile system). According to some estimates, Russia has about 400 "Caliber" missiles, of which 100-200 are launched from submarines.
Despite the strengths of the "Calibers", they are vulnerable to modern air defense systems, such as Patriot or Aegis. Therefore, the missiles fly at low altitude to reduce the risk of interception.
